Схема подключения конденсатора к усилителю и сабвуферу: Схема подключения конденсатора к сабвуферу: рассмотрим подробно

Схема подключения конденсатора (накопителя) к усилителю. Порядок безопасного заряда и разряда конденсатора (накопителя) и принципиальная схема подключения конденсатора (накопителя) к усилителю.

И так. Для чего же нужен конденсатор (накопитель) в звуковом тракте нашей аудиосистемы? Нужно для себя уяснить, что никаких волшебных свойств у самого конденсатора (накопителя) по сравнению с аккумулятором НЕТ! Конденсатор (накопитель) выполняет роль дополнительной ёмкости плюсом к нашему аккумулятору. Не больше. С таким же толком можно было поставить и дополнительный аккумулятор в цепь питания усилителей. И толку было бы ещё больше, так как ёмкость дополнительного аккумулятора, естественно, выше.

Полезное замечание 1:

Основной единицей электрической емкости является фарада (сокращенно Ф), названная так в честь английского физика М. Фарадея. Однако 1 Ф-это очень большая емкость. Земной шар, например, обладает емкостью меньше 1 Ф. В электро и радиотехнике пользуются единицей емкости, равной миллионной доле фарады, которую называют микрофарадой (сокращенно мкФ). В одной фараде 1000000 мкФ, т.е. 1 мкФ = 0,000001 Ф. Но и эта единица емкости часто оказывается слишком большой. Поэтому существует еще более мелкая единица емкости, именуемая пикофарадой (сокращенно пФ), представляющая собой миллионную долю микрофарады, т.е. 0,000001 мкФ; 1 мкФ = = 1000000 пФ.

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Полезное замечание 2 (Википедия):

Фарад — очень большая ёмкость для уединённого проводника. Ёмкостью 1 Ф обладал бы уединённый металлический шар, радиус которого равен 13 радиусам Солнца. Ёмкость же шара размером с Землю, используемого как уединённый проводник, составляла бы около 710 микрофарад.

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К чему я это указал ? Некоторые производители указывают ёмкость своих конденсаторов именно в фарадах ! Наводит на определённые мысли … Хотя … это уже не ново. Такая же сомнительная информация и с нереальными ваттами и даже киловаттами на красивых коробочках новых усилителей.

Вот наглядный пример

В фарадах измеряют электрическую ёмкость проводников. Не стоит путать электрическую ёмкость и электрохимическую ёмкость батареек и аккумуляторов. Она имеет другую природу и измеряется в других единицах — ампер-часах. Соразмерных электрическому заряду (1 ампер-час равен 3600 кулонам).

Единственным полезным свойством конденсатора (накопителя) является способность быстро накапливать и быстро отдавать. Этот момент очень важен! Если конденсатор (накопитель) будет быстро накапливать, а АКБ такими характеристиками (отдавать) похвастаться не сможет, тогда что толку от конденсатора (накопителя)? Из этого можно сделать вывод, что конденсатор (накопитель) не улучшает характеристики аккумулятора или чего то ещё, а работает в тандеме с аккумулятором. То есть это общая система — конденсатор (накопитель) + аккумулятор. И их характеристики должны быть грамотно подобраны.

Но, коль решили внедрить конденсатор (накопитель) в схему питания, как же правильно его установить?

Нельзя включить в цепь питания усилителей пустой (не заряженный) конденсатор. Это может быть чревато нехорошими последствиями. Что нужно сделать?

Заряд конденсатора (накопителя).​

Снимаем плюсовую клемму с АКБ. Подсоединяем к плюсовому силовому проводу резистор (25 Ом, 1/2 Вт), или 12В автомобильную лампочку.

Крепим силовой провод с внедрённым в его цепь резистором (или лампочкой) к терминалу конденсатора (накопителя).

Подсоединяем плюсовой провод к аккумулятору.

Вот такая последовательность.

Время заряда конденсатора (накопителя), как правило, указывается в инструкции к самому конденсатору (накопителю). Или когда значения на табло вольтметра конденсатора (накопителя) достигнут 12 -13 вольт.

При заряде конденсатора (накопителя) через автомобильную лампочку осуществляется до полного потухания спирали самой лампочки.

Схема подключения конденсатора (накопителя) к усилителю.​

Конденсатор (накопитель) подключаем к усилителю параллельно, по следующей схеме.

Силовые провода от конденсатора (накопителя) до усилителя не должны быть длиннее 50 см. То есть размещаем конденсатор (накопитель) как можно ближе к усилителю.

90000 The Speaker Wiring Diagram And Connection Guide — The Basics You Need To Know 90001 Home »How-to guide» The Speaker Wiring Diagram And Connection Guide — The Basics You Need To Know 90002 90002 90004 We all enjoy music and speakers make that possible — but it’s confusing if you’re not sure 90005 how 90006 to connect them the right way. 90007 90004 In this post, you’ll find clear and detailed speaker wiring diagrams that to help (and that you can print out if you like, too!). 90007 90004 I’ll go into detail about the right and wrong way to wire speakers and connect them properly to your stereo or amplifier.It’s actually pretty simple once you learn the basics. 90007 90012 Contents 90013 90012 90015 Printable speaker wiring diagram 90016 90013 90004 Click on the image to enlarge it or click here for the Adobe .pdf version you can download and print. 90007 90004 90021 90021 90007 90012 Speaker basics and speaker wiring explained 90013 90026 1. What is speaker impedance? (The «Ohms» rating) 90027 90004 Speakers, much like other electromechanical devices, all have an electrical resistance to the flow of electrical current, much like a standard resistor, a light bulb, or many common items you’re familiar with.90007 90004 The difference is how they behave when music is present when they’re connected to a musical amplifier of some sort. 90007 90004 The resistance value comes from a long coil of wire inside each speaker called a 90005 voice coil 90006. A voice coil is a coil of wire that, when placed inside a magnetic field, makes the speaker move and produce sound when driven by an amplifier. 90007 90004 90005 90038 90038 90006 90007 90004 90005 Speakers contain a long wound loop of wire called a voice coil.Loops of wire have a property called inductance which affects a speaker’s resistance value depending on the frequency (sound range) being played. 90006 90007 90004 As they have electrical properties that include inductance and capacitance, their «total resistance» can actually change with the music slightly. Because of this, there’s some extra math needed to figure out the total resistance. 90007 90004 The word used to describe this is called 90005 impedance 90006. 90007 90004 90015 Speaker impedance is just a more advanced way of finding the total resistance, and by tradition is measured in units called «Ohms.»90016 90007 90004 The good news is that you do not have to worry too much about the details — it does not matter for basic speaker use, and long as you understand the basic rules you’ll be fine! 90007 90026 2. Stereo and amplifier minimum impedance ratings 90027 90004 All amplifiers of any type — where it’s a car stereo amplifier, home stereo receiver, home theater amplifier, and so on, have a minimum Ohms (impedance) rating. It’s important that you pay attention and do not exceed the minimum speaker impedance rating.90007 90004 This is because as the impedance is lowered, the electrical current increases and the stereo has to do more work. This increases the amount of stress and heat it has to handle. 90007 90004 If your stereo is labeled by the manufacturer as being «8 ohm speaker compatible» or similar, that means connecting lower impedance speakers can cause excessive heat and possible damage very quickly. 90007 90004 For example, connecting a 4 ohm speaker to an amplifier which is labeled as working with 8 ohm speakers would mean it would have to produce 90015 double 90016 the electrical current to the speaker! 90007 90004 90071 90071 90007 90004 90005 Image of the rear of a home stereo receiver / amplifier.The recommended speaker impedance ratings are usually listed above the speaker wire posts. A home stereo, for example, may often list 6-16 ohms as being ok for use. 90006 90007 90004 Also, attempting to wire two 8 ohm speakers in parallel to an 8 ohm stereo would have the same effect. (Two 8 ohm speakers in parallel is equal to 4 ohms total that the amp will see) 90007 90004 I’ve seen many attempts by people who had friends who claimed they could «boost the power» or «get more power» by some claimed trick, but 90015 it does not work.90016 They ended up with a burned-out amplifier. 90007 90004 An amplifier can only handle so much heat and stress before it fails, so be sure to observe these rules. 90015 Be sure you wire speakers to meet the minimum Ohm rating you need. 90016 90007 90088 90004 Remember: do not use a speaker impedance below the rating given by the manufacturer. Overheating or permanent damage can result. I’ve seen it happen! 90007 90026 3. What is speaker polarity? 90027 90004 Speakers are different than other devices in that they work using alternating current (AC) instead of direct current (DC).This is good news! It means you can not harm your speakers in most cases by having the positive ( «+») and negative ( «-«) wiring reversed. 90007 90004 Unfortunately, it gets just a 90005 little bit 90006 more complicated when we use more than 1 speaker. 90007 90099 Speak polarity and why you should match speaker connections 90100 90004 As I mentioned, speakers work by moving a cone back and forth in order to produce sound. If you wire 2 speakers in a stereo with 90015 different 90016 polarities (for example, one has positive and negative wired as labeled, and the 2nd speaker has the opposite) an interesting thing occurs: they’re 90015 out of phase and some sound cancels out 90016.90007 90004 The result is a strange and poor sounding stereo. In most cases, you’ll notice a lack of bass sound and it will not sound pleasing to the ear as expected. 90007 90004 90110 90110 90007 90004 90005 When speakers are wired the opposite of each other sound waves cancel out. When wired the same, sound waves add together for more sound. 90006 90007 90004 Speakers that are wired differently sound poor because much of the sound is canceled out. Basically, it’s simply because sound waves from one speaker are moving in the opposite direction of the other speaker — and if they’re close to the same time and frequency range, often they cancel out.90007 90004 This is why when 2 woofers are placed in a box and are wired in parallel but with opposite connections to each other, they are «out of phase» and have almost no bass! It’s because they are doing the opposite work rather than working together to produce more sound. 90007 90004 While one is moving up, the other is moving the opposite direction, and so on. 90007 90004 So the most important thing here to remember is to 90015 wire speakers consistently the same way as each other 90016.90007 90026 4. Wiring 2-way and 3-way speakers 90027 90004 2-way speakers, such as home stereo or car audio component speakers, are those which come as a pre-designed speaker set and use a crossover. The job of a crossover (also called a 90005 passive crossover 90006, because it use basic capacitors and inductors rather than electronics) is to restrict the music production each speaker tries to produce. 90007 90004 For example, tweeters can not reproduce bass frequencies (and can in fact be damaged by them) so a 2-way speaker crossover is used to prevent this.Similarly, a woofer can not produce high pitch sounds well and is prevented from doing so. 90007 90004 Unlike standard separate speakers, 90015 2-way and 3-way speakers that have a crossover can only be used in parallel and not in series 90016. 90007 90004 This is because unlike separate speakers with no crossovers, in this case many sounds will be filtered out. What this means is that little to no sound would be produced if another 2-way speaker is connected in series. 90007 90004 90142 90142 90007 90004 Therefore if you have a home stereo or car stereo in which 2-way speakers are used, you’ll have to add more 2-way speakers (if the total impedance can be supported by the amplifier) ​​or add more amplifier channels for more sound.90007 90026 5. Doubling the number of speakers or amount of power does not double the volume 90027 90004 In some cases, more speakers can be added to increase the amount of volume you can get or to place speakers in more rooms, more locations in your vehicle, and so on. You also may have wondered what would happen if you bought an amplifier with twice the power of your present one. 90007 90004 There’s one important thing to understand, however: 90015 having 2 or 3 speakers instead of one does not double or triple the sound.It increases a few decibels (dB) for each speaker added. 90016 90007 90004 90015 Doubling the power does not double the volume either. 90016 90007 90004 This is because of how the human ear works and the physics of sound, along with how speakers work and how much volume they can produce for a given amount of power. 90007 90004 Generally speaking, the human ear will hear a very small amount of volume increase for each doubling of acoustic power: about 3 decibels (dB). For most people, the small amount of volume increase you notice when turning up a volume knob 1 notch is somewhere around 3dB.90007 90004 90015 Example volume produced by a typical speaker at different power levels: 90016 90007 90167 90168 1W = 89 dB 90169 90168 2W = 92 dB 90169 90168 4W = 95 dB 90169 90168 8W = 98 dB 90169 90168 16W = 101 dB 90169 90168 32W = 104 dB 90169 90168 64W = 107 dB 90169 90168 128W = 110 dB 90169 90184 90004 So as you can see, 90015 doubling the amount of power you can drive a speaker at does not mean you’ll double the volume. 90016 It increases it a very small amount (as far as your ears are concerned).90007 90004 You can also see from above that really cranking the volume takes a lot of power! 90007 90012 How to get more volume from speakers 90013 90004 The best ways to get more volume in most cases are: 90007 90167 90168 Use more efficient speakers (speakers that produce a higher dB volume at 1W of power — higher is better) 90169 90168 Add more speakers if you have an amplifier that can support it 90169 90168 Use higher-power rated speakers and a larger power amplifier if high volume is your goal 90169 90184 90004 For most people an average and good stereo amplifier can produce enough volume to fill a room or vehicle and turn up the volume from time to time.90015 I like to use 50W or higher per channel as a good rule of thumb when buying an amplifier. 90016 90007 90012 How to read speaker positive and negative labels (+ and -) 90013 90004 Home stereo and car speakers normally often use a red or plus sign «+» to indicate the polarity for the speaker wiring terminals which you connect your wiring to. 90007 90004 Here are a few things to know there as well: 90007 90167 90168 In some cases, a 90015 black dot or a red or black stripe 90016 is used to mark the positive terminal 90169 90168 If a speaker has terminals of 2 different sizes, the larger of the 2 is normally the positive one 90169 90168 For speakers with wire already attached, typically the brass or golden-colored wire is the positive one 90169 90168 For speakers with wire attached but same colored wires, most have some small printing on the positive wire — be sure to check closely 90169 90184 90012 Summary 90013 90004 Here I’ve provided you with a speaker diagram showing basic connections, I explained several important things you need to know about speakers and speaker wiring.Hopefully I’ve given you more understanding about how to connect speakers and get the most enjoyment out of your system. 90007 90004 Have questions, comments, or suggestions? 90015 Be sure to leave a comment below or send me a message. 90016 90007 90004 Confused about tweeters? Here’s a helpful guide explaining what tweeters are and what they’re used for. 90007 90004 Interested in bridging your car amp? Find out how to bridge a car amp in this post. 90007.90000 Subwoofer Amplifier Circuit Diagram using IC TDA2030 90001 90002 If Subwoofer in your music system is not producing enough bass then you can use this simple DIY circuit to enhance the Bass. In this project we are going to design a 90003 Subwoofer Amplifier Circuit Using IC TDA2030 90004 with few cheap components. This TDA2030 Amplifier can produce 14watt output and this can be increased upto 30watt by using another TDA2030. Also check our previous Audio Amplifier circuits: 90005 90002 90005 90008 Required Components: 90009 90010 90011 Audio jack pin — 1 90012 90011 TDA2030 IC — 1 90012 90011 Resistors — 100K (3), 4.7 K (1), 10 ohm (1) 90012 90011 Capacitor — 100 mf (1), 0.1 mf (2), 2.2 mf (2), 22mf (1) 90012 90011 Diode — In4007 (1) 90012 90011 Speaker (1) 90012 90011 Battery — 12 V (I used SMPS) 90012 90011 22k variable resistor-1 (To adjust volume if needed) 90012 90027 90002 90005 90002 90003 Features and Pin Detail of TDA2030 Amplifier: 90004 90005 90002 TDA2030 can work with the range of voltage between 9 V to 24 V with total harmonic distortion of 0.08. It has the ability to deliver the output of 18 W.Below is the Top View and Pin Diagram of TDA2030 from its datasheet: 90005 90002 90037 90038 90005 90002 90005 90008 Circuit Diagram and its Working: 90009 90002 90045 90005 90002 Above is the circuit Diagram for this 90003 TDA2030 based Amplifier Circuit. 90004 We have connected a 2.2uf capacitor in series to the non-inverting pin of the TDA2030, here it is acting as the 90003 High Pass Filter 90004. So that it allows only the high frequency audio signal. There is a resistor (R4) between pin 2 and 4 we called that resistor as 90003 Feedback Resistor 90004.This feedback resistor is used to obtain the gain. If the feedback resistor is improper then the subwoofer amplifier will not work properly. 90005 90002 In the circuit diagram, resistor (R1) and a capacitor (C2) are connected in series, with pin 2 of the TDA 2030 to suppress the noises in the audio signal. Pin 3 is grounded, means connected to negative terminal of power supply. The output of the TDA2030 is connected with the series capacitor of the value 2200uf to allow amplified signal to the speaker.The pin 5 is having a resistor of 100k which functioned as the voltage divider biasing. This sub-woofer circuit has the capacity to deliver 12 W output. We can we can use speaker of 4 to 6 ohm speaker. It will be better if we use a heat sink to remove the high temperature in the TDA 2030. If necessary you can also add a cooling fan for the better working. 90005 90002 90058 90005 90002 90003 For the volume adjustment we are using 22 kilo ohm variable resistor 90004. Connect the audio signal wire to the any one end of the variable resistor and connect the center pin to the input signal C1 of the capacitor.And connect the ground to the other end of the variable resistor. By changing the variable resistor we can change the volume of the subwoofer of td2030. IN4007 diode is used to avoid interchange of polarity of IC to avoid from burning and two capacitors C7 and C6 are used to eliminate the noises present in the power supply. The resistor R6 and C5 are also helps to avoid the unwanted the noises in the speaker (Blur sounds). I used 12v smps as power supply to power the entire circuit. 90005 90002 90005 90002 90003 For Connecting the 3.5mm Audio jack 90004, Solder one wire to the stereo jack ground pin and one wire to either left or right pin. In below picture blue wire is ground and yellow wire is audio signal. Then connect the audio jack to mobile or laptop to enjoy music. 90005 90002 90071 90005 90002 90005 90002 So this is how, we can easily build 90003 the Subwoofer amplifier circuit using TDA2030 90004. Below is the Demonstration 90003 Video 90004 for this amplifier circuit. 90005 .90000 Hi-Fi 100 Watt Amplifier Circuit Using 2N3055 Transistors — Mini Crescendo 90001 90002 The mini crescendo 100 watt transistorized amplifier circuit explained here was built and tested by me and am extremely pleased by its performance and also its ruggedness as far as maintenance and handling is concerned. 90003 90004 Amplifier Class 90005 90002 Basically, the entire configuration is a symmetrical class A amplifier incorporating an input filter stage, an intermediate driver stage and a powerful symmetrical output stage consisting of the versatile 2N3055 power transistors.The circuit efficiently drives a 100 watt 4 Ohms speaker with inputs derived from any audio source like a cell phone or DVD player etc. 90003 90002 Before you learn how to build this interesting and useful 100 watt amplifier circuit using 2N3055 transistors, a prior understanding of the involved circuit configuration would be very handy, let’s begin the explanation with the following points: 90003 90004 Circuit Operation 90005 90002 A quick glance at the given circuit diagram makes us conclude that the output configuration is not symmetrical, since the transistors T15 and T16 are both NPN types.90003 90002 The input stage of the circuit begins or initiates with a symmetrical differential preamplifier stage consisting of the transistors T1, T2 and T3, T4.T5 and T6 are positioned as the current sources which are further extended as the driver stage consisting of the transistors T7 and T8. 90003 90002 However a closer inspection tells us that of course the wiring is symmetrical, having the transistors T11, T13, T15 at the upper section acting like special booster transistor package.Similarly the lower section also employs identical super booster stage consisting of the transistors T12 , T14 and T16.90003 90002 The above two sections are perfectly complementary to each other, with reference to the diagram which indicates their emitters being terminated to a common point through the resistors R25 to R27 and via R28 to R30, this effectively that the wiring is exclusively symmetrical by nature . 90003 90002 The output stage is able to produce a massive 200,000 times amplification factor with comparatively very low quiescent current drain.The quiescent can be set by the adjusting the preset P1.90003 90002 Due to a non critical nature of the circuit, the entire project can be easily built over a general purpose PCB, however the layout of the components or rather the placement and the ratio of the distance of the components must be kept as identical as possible to the layout of the circuit diagram. 90003 90002 Though a common heatsink may be used for the entire set of the output devices, I personally used separate individual heatsinks for each of the transistors. 90003 90002 This saved me from the headache of using the cumbersome and low efficient mica isolation kit between the transistors.90003 90002 The inductor is kept for improving the dynamic nature of the circuit. It is built by winding 20 turns of super enameled copper wire over the 1 Ohms resistor itself. 90003 90002 The wire is selected to be close to 1mm in thickness. Though not absolutely necessary, for better thermal stability the transistors T9 and T11 and also T10 and T12 should be glued together, preferably by attaching the respective pairs face to face.The quiescent current should be ideally set to 50 mA through the following initial procedure: 90003 90032 How to Set Quiescent Current 90033 90002 1) Remove the speakers, and short the input terminals (across R1), 90003 90002 2) Connect a DMM set at current range in series with the positive of the power supply to the circuit, 90003 90002 3) Next adjust the preset such that the meter reads an input of 50mA, that’s all, the amplifier’s quiescent current is set and now the connections may be restored for the normal operations of the system.90003 90032 Power Supply Circuit 90033 90002 The power supply circuit is also shown along side and as can be seen there’s nothing special about it and may be built using the shown ordinary sets of components. 90003 90044 Parts List of 100 watt amplifier circuit (sh0wn below) 90045 90046 90047 R1 = 430 K, 90048 90047 R2 = 47K, 90048 90047 R3 = 330 Ohms, 90048 90047 R4, R5 = 12 K, 90048 90047 R6, R7, R20 , R21, R22, R23, R24 = 1 Ohm, 3 Watt, Wire Wound Type, 90048 90047 R8, R17 = 68 Ohms, 90048 90047 R9 = 100 K, R10, R11, R12, R13 = 5K6, 90048 90047 R14, R15 = 12 K, 90048 90047 R16, R19 = 100 Ohms, 90048 90047 R25 = 10 Ohms / 2 Watts, 90048 90047 P1 = 100 Ohms Preset, Linear, 90048 90047 C1 = 1 μF / 25V, 90048 90047 C2 = 1 n, CERAMIC , 90048 90047 C3, C4 = 100PfC5 = 100 nF, 90048 90047 C6, C7 = 1000 uF / 35 V, 90048 90047 L1 = 20 turns of enameled 1mm copper wire over R24, 90048 90047 D1, D2 = RED LED 5mm, All other diodes are = 1N4148, 90048 90047 T1 = Matching BC546 pair, 90048 90047 T2 = Matching BC556 pair, 90048 90047 T3 = BC 557B, 90048 90047 T4, T7, T8 = BC 547B, 90048 90047 T5, T12 = BC 556B, 90048 90047 T6, T9 = BC 546B, 90048 90047 T10 = BD 140, 90048 90047 T13 = BD 139, 90048 90047 T11, T14 = 2N 3055 90048 90047 General Purpose PCB, 90048 90047 All the transistors T10, T13, T11 and T14 ae mounted on suitable heatsinks 90048 90103 90002 The original design, (courtesy — elektor electronics) 90003 90106 90106 90002 90109 The Mosfet version of the above design can be witnessed in the below given image: 90110 90003 90002 For the complete construction details, please refer to the following link: 90003 90002 90109 Mini Crescendo pdf with PCB and protection circuits 90110 90117 90003 90002 90109 Video of the Crescendo Amplifier showing the PCB Design and the Component Layout Details, along with the Complete Test Report: 90110 90003 90002 90124 Contributed by Mr.Siva 90125 90003 90002 90128 90129 90003 90044 About Swagatam 90045 90002 I am an electronic engineer (dipIETE), hobbyist, inventor, schematic / PCB designer, manufacturer. I am also the founder of the website: https://www.homemade-circuits.com/, where I love sharing my innovative circuit ideas and tutorials. 90134 If you have any circuit related query, you may interact through comments, I’ll be most happy to help! 90003.90000 100 Watt Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram using MOSFET 90001 90002 Power amplifier is the part of audio electronics. It is designed to maximize the magnitude of the power f given input signal. In sound electronics, the operational amplifier increases the voltage of the signal, but unable to provide the current, which is required to drive a load. In this tutorial, we will build a 90003 100W RMS output power amplifier using MOSFETs and transistors 90004 with a 4 Ohms impedance speaker connected to it.90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Construction Topology for Amplifiers 90004 90011 90002 In an 90003 amplifier chain system 90004, the power amplifier is used at the last or final stage before the load. Generally, the Sound Amplifier system uses below topology shown in the block diagram 90005 90002 90005 90002 As you can see in the above block diagram, Power Amplifier is the last stage which is directly connected to the load. Generally, before Power Amplifier, the signal is corrected using Pre Amplifiers and Voltage controls amplifiers.Also, in some cases, where tone control is needed, the tone control circuitry is added before Power Amplifier. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Know Your Load 90004 90011 90002 In case of 90027 Audio Amplifier system 90028, the load and the load driving capacity of the amplifier is an important aspect in construction. The 90003 major load for a power Amplifier is the Loud Speaker 90004. Power amplifier output depends on the load impedance, so connecting an improper load could compromise the efficiency of the Power amplifier as well as the stability.90005 90002 90005 90002 90005 90002 Loud Speaker is a huge load which acts as an Inductive and Resistive load. Power amplifier delivers AC output, due to this the impedance of the speaker is a critical factor for proper power transfer. 90005 90002 90005 90002 Impedance is the effective resistance of an electronic circuit or component for alternating current, which arises from the combined effects related to ohmic resistance and reactance. 90005 90002 90005 90002 In 90027 Audio electronics 90028, different types of Loudspeakers are available in different wattage with different impedance.Speaker impedance can be best understood using the relation between water flow inside a Pipe. Just think loudspeaker as a water pipe, the water flowing through the pipe is the alternating audio signal. Now, if the pipe became bigger in diameter, the water will easily flow through the pipe, the volume of water will be bigger, and if we decrease the diameter, the less water will flow through the pipe, so the volume of water will be lower. The diameter is the effect created by the ohmic resistance and reactance.If the pipe gets bigger in diameter, the impedance will be low, so the speaker can get more wattage and the amplifier provide more power transfer scenario and if the impedance gets high then the Amplifier will provide less power to the speaker. 90005 90002 90005 90002 There are different choices as well as different segment of speakers are available in the market, generally with 4 ohms, 8 ohms, 16 ohms, and 32 ohms, out of which 4 and 8 ohms speakers are widely available in cheap rates. Also, we need to understand that, a amplifier with 5 Watt, 6 Watt or 10 Watt or even more is the RMS (Root Mean Square) wattage, delivered by the amplifier to a specific load in continuous operation.90005 90002 90005 90002 So, we need to be careful about the speaker rating, amplifier rating, speaker efficiency, and impedance. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Construction of Simple 100W Audio Amplifier 90004 90011 90002 In previous tutorials, we made 10W power amplifier, 25W power amplifier and 50W power amplifier. But in this tutorial, we will design a 90003 100 Watt RMS output power amplifier using 90004 90003 MOSFETs 90004. 90005 90002 In the construction of 90003 100 Watt Amplifier 90004, Multiple Transistors and MOSFETs are used.Let’s see the specification and pin diagram of important MOSFETs and transistors. In the amplifier’s amplification stage, we used high voltage transistor 90003 MPSA43 90004. It is a high voltage NPN transistor which acts as an Amplifier. The pin out of the 90003 MPSA43 NPN transistor 90004 is- 90005 90002 90077 90005 90002 90005 90002 We used two complementary Medium Power 90003 Transistors MJE350 and MJE340 90004. MJE350 is a 500 mA PNP transistor in the TO-225 package and the identical NPN pair Transistor is MJE340.MJE340 has the same specification as MJE350, but it is an NPN medium power transistor. 90005 90002 The Pinout diagrams for both of them are given below- 90005 90002 90088 90089 90005 90002 90005 90002 In final stage, 90003 two Power MOSFETs IRFP244 and IRFP9240 90004 are used. The combination of these two provides 100 Watt RMS power output across the 4 Ohms Load. 90005 90002 90098 90099 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Required Components 90004 90011 90107 90108 Vero board (dotted or connected anyone can be used) 90109 90108 Soldering Iron 90109 90108 Solder wire 90109 90108 Nipper and Wire stripper tool 90109 90108 Wires 90109 90108 Audio connectors as per requirements 90109 90108 Fine Aluminum heat sink with 5mm thickness and 90 mm x 45mm dimension.90109 90108 40V Rail to Rail power supply with + 40V GND -40V power track output 90109 90108 4 Ohms 100 Watt speaker 90109 90108 Resistor 1/4 90127 th 90128 Watt (39R, 390R, 1k, 1.5k, 4.7k, 15k, 22k, 33k, 47k, 150k) — 1nos. 90109 90108 330R Resistor 1/4 90127 th 90128 Watt — 3 pcs 90109 90108 10R Resistor 10 Watt 90109 90108 0.33R — 7 Watt — 2 pcs 90109 90108 0.22R — 10 Watt 90109 90108 100nF 100V capacitor — 2 pcs 90109 90108 47uF 100V Capacitor 90109 90108 470pF 100V 90109 90108 470nF 63V 90109 90108 10pF 100V 90109 90108 1n4002 Diode 90109 90108 IRFP244 90109 90108 IRF9240 90109 90108 MJE350 90109 90108 MJE340 90109 90108 BC546 — 2 pcs 90109 90108 MPSA43 — 3 pcs 90109 90164 90002 90005 90008 90003 100W Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram and Explanation 90004 90011 90002 90172 90005 90002 90005 90002 The schematic for this 90003 100 watt Audio Amplifier 90004 has a few stages.At the 90003 beginning of the first stage amplification 90004, a filter section blocks unwanted frequency noises. This filter section is created using the R3, R4, and C1, C2. 90005 90002 90003 On the second stage of the circuit 90004, Q1 and Q2, which are MPSA43 transistors, works as differential amplifier and feed the signal to the further amplification stage. 90005 90002 90003 Next, the Power amplification is done 90004 across two MOSFETs, IRFP244N, and IRF9240. These two MOSFETs are the important part of the circuit.These two MOSFETs are acting as a push-pull driver (A widely used amplification topology or architecture). 90003 To drive these two MOSFETs Q5 and Q7, transistors MJE350 and MJE340 are used 90004. These two power transistors provide enough gate current to drive the MOSFETs. 90003 R15 and R14 are the current limiter resistors 90004 to protect the MOSFET gate from inrush current. The same thing happens for the R12 and R13 to protect the output load from the inrush current drive. 90003 R18 is a high wattage resistor 90004 which acts as clamping circuit with the capacitor 100nF.R16 also provide additional overcurrent protection. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Testing the 100watt Amplifier Circuit 90004 90011 90002 We used Proteus simulation tools to check the output of the circuit; we measured the output in the virtual oscilloscope. You can check the complete 90003 demonstration Video 90004 given below 90005 90002 90207 90005 90002 90005 90002 We are powering the circuit using +/- 40V and the input sinusoidal signal is provided. The oscilloscope’s channel A (Yellow) is connected across the output against 4 ohms load and the input signal is connected across channel B (Blue).90005 90002 We can see the output 90003 difference between the input signal and the amplified output 90004 in the video: — 90005 90217 90218 90002 Also, we checked the output wattage, Amplifier wattage is highly dependent on multiple things, as discussed before. It is highly dependent on the speaker impedance, speaker efficiency, Amplifier efficiency, construction topologies, total harmonic distortions etc. We could not consider or calculate all the possible factors which are created dependencies in amplifier wattage.Real life circuit is different than the simulation because many factors are needed to be considered while checking or testing the output. 90005 90002 90005 90008 90003 Amplifier Wattage Calculation 90004 90011 90002 We used a simple formula to calculate the wattage of the amplifier- 90005 90229 90003 Amplifier Wattage = V 90127 2 90128 / R 90004 90234 90002 90005 90002 We connected an AC multi-meter across the output. AC voltage shown in the multi-meter is peak to peak AC voltage.90005 90002 We provided very Low-frequency sinusoidal signal of 25-50Hz. As in low frequency, the amplifier will deliver more current to the load and the multimeter will be able to detect the AC voltage properly. 90005 90002 90242 90005 90002 90005 90002 The multimeter showed + 20.9V AC. So, as per the formula, the output of the power amplifier at 4 Ohms load is 90005 90229 90003 Amplifier Wattage = 20.9 90127 2 90128/4 90004 Amplifier Wattage = 90003 109.20 90004 (more than 100W approximately) 90234 90002 90005 90008 90003 Things to Remember while Constructing 100w audio Amplifier 90004 90011 90107 90108 When constructing the circuit, MOSFETs are needed to be connected with the heatsink properly at Power amplifier stage.The larger heatsink provides a better result. The power transistor Q5 and Q7 need to be heat sinked properly with small U shape Aluminium heatsinks. 90109 90108 It is good to use audio grade rated box type capacitors for a better result. 90109 90108 It is always a good choice to use PCB for Audio related application. 90109 90108 Make the traces of differential amplifier short, and as close as possible to the input trace. 90109 90108 Keep the audio signal lines separated from noisy power lines.90109 90108 Be careful about the traces thickness. As this is 100 Watt design, a larger current path is required, so maximize the trace width. It is better to use 70-micron copper board in double sided layout with maximum vias for better current flow. 90109 90108 Ground plane needs to be created across the circuit. Keep the ground return path as short as possible. 90109 90164 90002 90005 90008 90003 Achieve Better Results 90004 90011 90002 In this 100 Watt design, few improvements can be done for better output.90005 90107 90108 Add 4700uF decoupling capacitor with at least 100V rating across the positive and negative power track. 90109 90108 Use 1% rated MFR resistors for better stability. 90109 90108 Change the 1N4002 diode with UF4007. 90109 90108 Change the R11 with a 1k potentiometer to control the quiescent current across the power MOSFETs. 90109 90108 Add Fuse across the output, It will protect the circuit on speaker overdrive or output short-circuit condition. 90109 90164 90002 90005 90002 Also, check other audio amplifiers circuits: 90005 .